Abstract Coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6) has emerged as a major pathogen causing hand. foot and mouth disease (HFMD) outbreaks worldwide. The CVA6 epidemic poses a new challenge in HFMD control since there is currently no vaccine available against CVA6 infections. The Vero cell line has been widely used in vaccine production. https://parisnaturalfoodes.shop/product-category/black-cumin-seed-oil/