Abstract Hyperhomocysteinemia was reported to enhance endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and subsequent apoptosis in several cells. However. the precise mechanisms of smoking susceptibility associated with hyperhomocysteinemia has not been fully elucidated. This study included 7- to 9-week-old C57BL6 male mice induced with hyperhomocysteinemia and were exposed to cigarette smoke (CS). https://excellentphoto.shop/product-category/cables/